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Glossary of terminology related to German Shepherds

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2025-06-11 20:18

Breeder of German Shepherds - Les Anges Gardiens

Here is a glossary of terms related to German Shepherds:

Working titles:

AD:   Aus dauerprufing, endurance test.
BH:   Basic companion dog - traffic sureness.
B or BH Begleithunde:   the preliminary and prerequisite test for a dog going on to get his/her Schutzhund titles. A combination temperament and obedience test. B and BH are used interchangeably.
WH: Watch Dog.
CD:   Companion dog. The first of five working qualifications, each of increasing difficulty,
awarded to dogs gaining a certain percentage of total marks at working trials.
CDEX:   CD Excellent.
DH: Dienshund, service dog.
Gebrauchshundklasse:   Working dog class-the only class available for animals over two/in Germany.
HGH: Herdengebrauchshund, herding dog- a qualification of dogs working with flocks.
TD:   Tracking dog. Qualification title for nose work.
FH:   Fahrtenhund, tracking qualification.
FH1:   Advanced tracking.
FH2:   Superior tracking qualification.
UD:   Utility dog. Working Qualification.
ZH:   Zollhund, dog trained to work with customs police.
SchH1:   Novice Schutzhund qualification in tracking, obedience, and protection.
SchH2:   Intermediate Schutzhund qualification in tracking, obedience, and protection.
SchH3:   Masters level of Schutzhund tracking, obedience, and protection.
SchHA:   A limited SchH title, similar to SchH I but without the tracking portion.
IPO1:   International Novice Schutzhund trial qualification.
IPO2:   International Intermediate Schutzhund.
IPO3:   International Masters level Schutzhund.
BpDH1 2:   Railroad Police Dog.
BIH:   Blind Leader Dog.
LwH: Lawinen Hund-Avalanche Dog.
DH:   Service Dog.
DPH:  Service Police Dog.
PH Polizehund:   Police Dog.
INT Internationale Prufungsklasse:  International Training Degree.
BPDH I, II - Bannpolizeidiensthund I or II:   Railroad Police Service Dog I or II.
GrH - Grenzen Hund:  Border Patrol Dog.
PFP I, II - Polizeifaehrtenhund I, II:   Police Tracking Dog I or II.
PSP I, II - Polizeischutzhundprufung I, II:  Police Protection Dog I or II.
Bundeslestunggssieger:   German National Working Dog Champion awarded at the Bundessiegerprufung.
Huntesieger:   Herding Dog Champion at the German Herding Dog Championships.
HT:   Herding Tested.
HC:   Herding Champion.
M.H. militar hund:   Military Dog.
S.H. sanitats hund:   Red Cross Dog.
Kr.H. kriegshund:  War Dog.

German Conformation titles:

ZB-Zuchtbewertung:  Conformation Show Rating followed by:
VA -Vorzuglich Auslese:  Excellent Select,the highest attainable award by a German show dog and granted only at the annual Sieger Show.
V - Vorzuglich:  Excellent.
SG - Sehr Gut:  Very Good; an official German show grade and the highest obtainable by
dogs under two.
G - Gut:  Good.
A - Austreichend:   Sufficient.
M - Mangelhaft:   Faulty.
U - Ungenugend:    Insufficient.
Jugendklasse-ruden:   Youth class for males of twelve to eighteen months at German shows.
Jugendklasse-hundinnen:   The corresponding class for bitches.
Sieger or siegerin:   Title given to the top Male and Female at the German National Show,
they will also receive the rating of VA-1
Weltsieger:   World Seiger title awarded to the top dog at the FCI All Breed Show.
Europasieger:  Conformation winner at the European All Breed Show.
Bundeszuchtsieger:  Conformation winner at the German National All Breed Show.

European Conformation Titles

CHIB: International FCI-Show Champion
CACIB-certificates on a international dogshow in two differentcountries given under two different judges
CAC: certificat from an FCI international dogshow

Other:

Angulations:   The angles at which bones of shoulder and upper arm meet at the shoulder
joint, and those of upper and lower thigh meet at the knee joint.
AKC:   American Kennel Club.
CKC:   Canadian Kennel Club.
Washed out:   Marked palling of color and pigment in nose and nail.
Monorchid:   A dog possessing one testicle.
Bloodline:    Animals sharing a specific familly relationship over several generations.
SV: Schaferhund Verein, GSD Society of West Germany.
Sable:   A gray, brown or fawn foundation color with black- shaded guard hairs. (Wolf like colorings).
Korung: German breed survey to select animals for breeding. Class 1 animals recommended,
Class 2 animals suitable.
KK1:   Korklasse, survey class.
Inbreeding:    Deliberate mating together of close relatives.
High withered: When the area where the neck runs into the back is definite, long and
well filled in with muscle over the vertebrae between the shoulder blades,
and slopes into the back, rather than being on the same horizontal with
it (flat-withered).
Dew claws: Additional toes on inside of the leg above the foot and making no contact with ground. Many puppies are born without them on the rear legs.
Cow hocked: The dog stands and moves with the point of hock turned inwards.
Croup:   The pelvis together with covering of muscle and coat.
Entire:   Having both testicles in the scrotum.
TT:  Temperament Tested.
TC:  Temperament Certified.
OFA:   Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (Hip Certification in U.S.).
OVC:   Ontario Veterinary College (Hip Certification in Canada).
CGC:   The dog has a Canine Good Citizen certificate.
Penn HIP:   Developed at University of Pennsylvania (USA) The procedure measures hip joint laxity; it does not grade a passing or failing score. Loose hips are more prone to developing degenerative joint disease. (See OVC, OFA, "a stamp").
SV Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde:   (German Shepherd Dog Club) The original GSD breed club and breed registry, based in Germany.
TSB Triebveranlagung:  fighting drive.
ZW Zuchtwert:   ZW-value — Zuchtwert evaluation — is a Breed Value Assessment - a number assigned that gives an indication of the genotype of the dog for breeding purposes.
KKLI:  Korklasse I, Breed surveyed recommended to breeding- Koer Class rating which states that the dog has been breed surveyed and found to be breeding quality.
KKLII:   Korklasse II, Breed surveyed suitable for breeding.
Lbz - Lebenszeit:  Lifetime rating. German hip ratings:"a" - Zuerkannt:  Certified hips that fell within the following three categories:

                                                  "a" -1 Normal - Certified Normal Hips;
                         "a" -2 Fast Normal - Certified Near Normal Hips;
                         "a" - 3 Noch Zugelassen - Certified still permissible Hips.

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Do GSD's make good family pets?
A well bred and properly trained German shepherd makes a wonderful family companion. They are naturally protective of their "pack". As with any other breed, young children should never be left unattended with a puppy, however, if the children learn to respect the puppy as a living being, the puppy will be a wonderful companion for the children as they all grow up together. Your dog's ranking in the "pack" should always be established as the bottom (Omega) member below humans.

What traits are present in the German Shepherd?
The breed is naturally loyal, intelligent and protective (which makes it good for police work). The GSD has an excellent nose, making it good for tracking and search and rescue work. They are calm and have a steady temperament when well-bred which is why they have been used as "Seeing Eye" dogs. A GSD thrives on regular exercise, mental stimulation and a well-balanced diet.
They are very trainable and love to work. The German shepherd is affectionate but generally not dependent. He is aloof to strangers and may often seem quite indifferent to those outside his 'pack'.

Breeding plays an important role in the temperament of GSD's, therefore selecting a reputable breeder concerned with both physical health and the personality of their puppies is of utmost importance. Different bloodlines exhibit traits differently, so question breeders about the strong and weak traits of their bloodlines. See the article on German versus American bloodlines about specific general differences.

Can you guarantee my puppy will not have hip problems?

We offer a two year guarantee for moderate to severe hip and/or elbow dysplasia. We do not ask that you return your puppy or have him/her put to sleep.

No breeder in the world can guarantee that the puppies won't develop dysplasia, and if they do... beware.
Hip dysplasia is considered to be polygenic and is also influenced by environmental factors. That means that it's caused by a combination of genes that may not show up in any litter previously. No matter the certifications in the pedigree it is possible that your puppy could be predisposed to hip dysplasia. Treatments (both surgical and drug) can be done early to alleviate problems down the line. If in doubt, find an orthopedic specialist. Be wary of a breeder that says their puppies will definitely not have hip problems.
The parents of our puppies are certified free of dysplasia and that should your pup develop a problem, I will be available to help and guide you in deciding what steps to take.

What is the difference between males and females?
Some people will say that males are more "location" protective while females are more "pack" protective. Males are generally more territorial, so unless training steps are consistent, marking could be a problem. (Neutering may help alleviate this problem. Any dog not intended for a breeding program should be neutered or spayed. Besides eliminating the possibility of unwanted puppies and reducing some undesirable behaviors, it's considerably healthier for your dog since it eliminates or severely reduces the chance of testicular or mammary cancers. Breeding should *never* be taken lightly. I have found that it is more useful to look to the individual temperament and personality of each pup in the litter then to generalize about sex differences.

How old will my puppy be when I take it home?
Puppies are old enough to go to their new homes by eight weeks.

How big will my German shepherd be?
The full adult size of your GSD will depend in large part on the genetic background of its parents. Adult males should range between 24-26" at the shoulder blade, females from 22-24". Males within the standard may weigh anywhere from 75-90 lbs. depending on their bloodlines. Females may weigh anywhere from 55-75 lbs. Although your pup will reach close to adult height by 10-18 months, he will continue to fill out until up to 3 years old.
Be wary of breeders who emphasize "oversize", "huge", "big-boned" breeding stock or puppies. Bigger is not better in German Shepherds. The German Shepherd is not built to have a skeletal and muscular structure of an oversize breed. An inch or so out of standard may be acceptable providing the general line is not consistently out of standard. A responsible breeder will offset an oversize dog by breeding with a line that is a bit smaller in order to maintain the standards as closely as possible.

What is "socializing" and why is it so important?
Socializing refers to exposing your puppy to a variety of experiences, including meeting lots of people of various ages, races, sizes and both sexes as well as teaching them how to acceptably interact with other dogs. Puppy kindergarten classes provide an excellent opportunity for socialization in a controlled environment.
Socializing is important because it helps strengthen your dog's confidence and reduces the chance that your dog will become shy or fearful. Fearful dogs can become fear aggressive or fear biters.
All our puppies interact daily with our young children and experience playing inside and outside with the kids, older dogs, cats and different people.

Will my German shepherd puppy's ears stand?
Although some puppies' ears stand as early as 8-10 weeks, don't be concerned if your pup's ears don't stand until 6-7 months (especially pups with large ears) after teething. Some pups ears never stand. This is known as a "soft ear". Sometimes taping is successful. "Soft ears" are a genetic trait, and dogs with soft ears should not be bred even if taping is successful. It is a disqualification in showing but does not affect the dog' health in a negative way.

What precautions should I take with my GSD puppy?
Other than the normal precautions of immunizations beware of a fast-growing puppy. There are studies that show a correlation between fast growth and hip dysplasia (if your pup is predisposed to HD). You may want to switch your puppy over to adult food if it seems to be growing very quickly.

Don't pet your puppy's ears backwards before they stand. Although people often do this by nature, it can damage the cartilage in your pup's ears which can affect the ear carriage.

Do take your puppy to puppy kindergarten and obedience training classes and do your homework for these classes. Behaviors that are cute in a 15 pound puppy can be dangerous in a 75 pound adult. Socialize your puppy with people (especially children) and other dogs frequently (after your puppy has completed its immunization series sometime after 16 weeks old).

Your puppy may go through a period known as "adolescent shyness" when it reaches 4-5 months of age. This period can last until the pup is 12-18 months old. Socializing your puppy from an early age will help minimize this shyness. Expose your puppy to a variety of experiences, but do so gently. You don't want to traumatize your puppy.

Be careful of heavy physical exertion directly before and after eating, especially if your GSD is a "gulper". German shepherds and many other large breeds can suffer from bloat. If your dog's abdomen becomes distended and rigid and it can not seem to belch or pass gas, gastric torsion may be the problem. This is an immediate health concern and you should contact your vet or an emergency clinic.

How long should I wait to switch my puppy to adult food?
We recommend switching at around 12 weeks to a feeding a high quality adult food. Check out the content of the food closely. A puppy or dog with average activity should have about 26% protein and 15-18% fat. Look for some kind of meat to be the first ingredient, not a grain product.
Studies have shown that puppies growing quickly may be more prone to developing hip and elbow dysplasia. Dry food is fine, you don't need to supplement with canned food. It's expensive and doesn't provide anything a good dry food doesn't. If your puppy doesn't want to eat the dry food, you can moisten it slightly with warm water. This may also reduce the risk of bloat and don't worry, the pup will eat when he is hungry!

How often should I feed my puppy and how much?
Feed the pup morning and evenings, as much as he will eat in one sitting then remove the bowl until the next meal. Of course you do need to keep an eye on your puppy's/dog's weight, you should be able to feel the ribs under the skin fairly easily. Adjust your portions appropriately if the puppy is putting on excess weight.

Remove his water source several hours before bedtime and fresh water should be available with every meal. Once the dog is housebroken, free access to water unless you will be gone for an extraordinarily long period of time should not be a problem.

What is bloat (gastric torsion)?
Bloat (otherwise known as "gastric torsion") can be a problem with any deep chested breed like German Shepherds. The stomach twists so nothing can pass through the esophagus to the stomach or through the stomach to the intestines, causing gas to build up. This is an immediate health concern where the dog should be taken to the vet or emergency clinic. Signs of bloat include a distended rigid abdomen, indications of vomiting with no results and inability to belch or pass gas.
High activity directly before or after eating can exacerbate bloating. Keeping the dog quiet at least one hour before and after eating can help reduce the chances of bloat. Pre-moistening the dog's food with water can also reduce the chances and smaller meals can also reduce the risk of bloat if you do not free-feed. (Free-fed dogs just need to have their activity level watched, but do not usually eat enough at any one sitting to cause problems. Bloat is more of a problem with a dog that "gulps" its food which a free-fed dog won't usually do. Don't leave pre-moistened food down for a free-fed dog too long as it can breed bacteria. Instead, leave them smaller portions, but refill more frequently.)

What is the life expectancy of a German shepherd?
Most lines of GSD's will live to between 10-12 years of age. 11-12 years is probably a very reasonable expectation. A GSD becomes "middle-aged" between 6-8 years old, and is generally considered "geriatric" at about 10. Their food intake and exercise and nutrition needs may change over this period of time. They may begin to develop stiffness in their joints (much like people do as they get older). Healthy teeth are important as bacteria from decaying teeth can affect the health of the dog.

What is the difference between the American/Canadian and the European bloodlines?

Do German Shepherds shed a lot?
Yes. The GSD is a "double-coated" dog with an undercoat and guard hairs. The guard hairs will be shed all year. The undercoat is "blown" twice a year. The shedding is pretty much constant, but a regular weekly brushing keeps things under control. Avoid giving baths as it dries out the coat's natural oils.

What is a long-coated German shepherds?
The correct GSD coat is relatively short with an obvious undercoat. As such it is quite waterproof. Some dogs are born with long coats which usually, though not always, also have an undercoat. The normal coat is dominant to the long version, so there are three kinds of dog: normal, normal but carrying the long coat gene, and long. About 10% of the pups are born long-coated.
If you don't intend to show your dog in conformation, there's no reason to avoid the long-coated GSD. Long-coated GSD's can and do compete in obedience and other working disciplines. You should be aware, however, that the longer coat does require more attention when grooming.

Are German shepherds smart and easy to train?
Yes and no to both. Most GSD's are eager and willing to learn and enjoy training sessions (don't overdo with a young pup - they just don't have the attention span). If you start young and teach your puppy its order in your "pack", problems with training will be minimized. However, GSD's tend to have more dominant personalities than some breeds and can be stubborn, so some care in training is recommended. Classes are extremely beneficial. A GSD that thinks it's the Alpha member of the pack can be a big handful.

We help you to select the puppy with the appropriate temperament for your living situation. This helps to insure that with proper training the relationship between your dog and your family will be harmonious.

My young GSD is limping! Is it pano or dysplasia??
You probably do want to take your pup into a vet just to make sure you can eliminate hip and elbow dysplasia from the cause of the problem. Most likely the vet will confirm that your pup has panosteitis, an inflammation of the long bones in the legs of adolescent pups. It's fairly common in GSD's It's also known as "long bone disease", "shifting leg lameness" and "growing pains". "Pano" can be detected and diagnosed by x-ray.
Onset can be from 5-12 months (occasionally later) and last until 18 months or more. Though it is uncomfortable for the puppy, it almost always grows out of it. The lameness need not be limited to one leg.

What is an average size litter?
An average size litter for a GSD is six to eight puppies.

What is the difference between a GSD and an Alsatian?
There is no difference. After each of the World Wars, anything German fell out of popular favor. To avoid the use of the word German, "Alsatian" (from the Alsace-Lorraine area) was used. In some countries, GSD's are still known as Alsatians. The name in Germany is Deutsche Schaferhund which means "German Shepherd Dog". The word "Dog" is part of the name.

What is Schutzhund?
Schutzhund is German for "protection dog", but it also refers to a training discipline and dog sport involving 3 phases; obedience, tracking and protection. It is supposed to be a fun experience for both the dog and the handler. If it isn't for one or the other, don't consider it. Find another activity. Schutzhund is not the be all and end all of training. See the section on Schutzhund (often noted as SchH) for more information. (Also, as of this writing, a Schutzhund FAQ is being worked on by some of the subscribers to the GSD-L mailing list. See the Resources for information on GSD-L.)

More info on schutzhund

Why buy from a reputable breeder?
You should seek out a reputable breeder when looking for a GSD pup because of the health concerns noted above as well as problems in temperament brought out in ill-bred GSD's Poorly-bred GSD's can also be aggressive, fearful, or shy-sharp (a fearful dog that becomes aggressive when frightened). It is for these reasons that a reputable breeder is more likely to have sound pups, guarantee their health, help you select the puppy most suited to your lifestyle and goals, and be able to guide you as the pup grows.