基于NMR代谢组学的奶牛产后代谢动态特征及健康调控策略研究
摘要： [目的]解析奶牛产后7 天内血清代谢物动态变化规律,揭示代谢适应机制及潜在健康风险,为优化产后管理提供依据。[方法]选取5 头健康经产奶牛,采集牛产后1 天、4 天和7 天血清样本,利用NMR代谢组学技术,结合多元统计分析（PCA、OSC-PLS）,筛选关键差异代谢物,并通过代谢通路整合其生物学意义。[结果]产后脂肪动员增强,3-羟基丁酸和丙酮显著升高,提示酮症风险;葡萄糖持续下降,与乳糖合成需求增加相关;乙酸盐和乳酸升高,分别反映瘤胃纤维发酵恢复与潜在亚急性酸中毒风险;甘氨酸和柠檬酸先升后降,分别参与氧化应激调控与能量稳态转换。进一步分析表明,奶牛产后代谢呈“脂肪动员-瘤胃恢复-乳成分合成”阶段性特征。[结论]建议通过日粮优化（提升易发酵碳水化合物比例至35%~40%、平衡纤维）、酮症监测（血酮检测）和功能性添加剂（如过瘤胃胆碱）等策略,缓解能量负平衡并保障泌乳性能。本研究为奶牛产后精准营养干预提供代谢组学依据。
关键词: 奶牛, 产后代谢, 代谢组学, 酮症, 能量负平衡
Abstract: [Objective] This study aimed to analyze the dynamic changes in serum metabolites of dairy cows within 7 days postpartum,revealing their metabolic adaptation mechanisms and potential health risks,thereby providing a scientific basis for optimizing postpartum management. [Method] Serum samples were collected from 5 dairy cows at 1,4,and 7 days postpartum. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance（NMR） metabolomics technology combined with multivariate statistical analysis（PCA,OSC-PLS） was used to screen key differential metabolites,and their biological significance was integrated through metabolic pathways. [Result] The results showed that postpartum fat mobilization was enhanced,with significant increases in 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetone,indicating a risk of ketosis, glucose continued to decline,associated with increased demand for lactose synthesis, acetate and lactate increased,reflecting rumen fiber fermentation recovery and potential subacute acidosis risk,respectively, glycine and citrate initially increased and then decreased,participating in oxidative stress regulation and energy homeostasis transition,respectively. Further analysis revealed that postpartum metabolism in dairy cows exhibited a phased characteristic of fat mobilization-rumen recovery-milk component synthesis. [Conclusion] Based on these findings,it is recommended to implement strategies such as dietary optimization（increasing readily fermentable carbohydrates (35~40%) and balancing fiber）,ketosis monitoring（blood ketone testing）,and functional additives（e.g.,rumen-protected choline） to alleviate negative energy balance and ensure lactation performance. This study provided a metabolomics basis for precise nutritional interventions in postpartum dairy cows.
Key words: dairy cow, postpartum metabolism, metabolomics, ketosis, negative energy balance
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