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秸秆还田方式对根际固氮菌群落及花生产量的影响

泰然健康网
2026-02-27 09:16

摘要:

目的

固氮微生物是土壤中重要的功能微生物，其多样性和群落组成变化能够影响土壤氮素固定与氮循环过程，探究不同秸秆还田方式对根际土壤固氮菌多样性和群落组成的影响机制具有重要意义。

方法

基于中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站花生单作系统不同秸秆还田长期定位试验，设置不施肥对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、NPK肥+秸秆还田(NPKS)、NPK肥+秸秆猪粪配施(NPKSM)和NPK肥+秸秆生物炭(NPKB) 5个处理，利用高通量测序技术，分析不同秸秆还田方式下根际固氮菌多样性和群落组成的变化特征。

结果

秸秆还田处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)、速效钾、全磷、有效磷、全氮含量提升，其中以NPK肥+秸秆猪粪配施(NPKSM)处理效果最佳。秸秆还田增加了固氮微生物多样性，并显著改变其群落组成，在纲水平上固氮菌以α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria，82.5%)为优势类群；在属水平上以慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium，51.9%)为优势类群。土壤有效磷是影响固氮菌多样性指数的主要因素，而土壤pH、SOC、速效钾、全磷、有效磷、全氮和铵态氮是影响固氮菌群落组成的主要因素。结构等式方程研究结果表明土壤有效磷和全氮通过改变δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria)的相对丰度和固氮菌群落组成间接影响花生产量。

结论

秸秆还田显著提升了土壤肥力，土壤有效磷是根际固氮菌多样性和群落组成改变、花生产量提高的重要驱动因素，通过提高Deltaproteobacteria的相对丰度促进了花生增产。本研究为建立合理的秸秆还田措施，增强生物固氮潜力以及提升红壤肥力与健康提供科学依据。

Abstract:

Objectives

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are an important functional group in the soil microbial community. The changes in the diversity and structure of nitrogen-fixing bacterial community can affect soil nitrogen fixation and nitrogen cycle dynamics. Here, we explored the mechanism of the diversity and structure of rhizosphere nitrogen-fixing bacterial community in regulating peanut yield under the different straw returning treatments.

Methods

We conducted the long-term field experiment with different types of straw returning in peanut mono-cropping system at the Yingtan National Agroecosystem Field Experiment Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Jiangxi. The field experiment included five treatments: no fertilization (CK), conventional NPK (NPK), NPK with straw (NPKS), NPK with straw and pig manure (NPKSM), and NPK with straw biochar (NPKB). The illumina sequencing of nifH gene was used to investigate the diversity and structure of nitrogen-fixing bacterial community in the rhizosphere.

Results

The treatments with straw returning significantly promoted soil fertility including soil organic carbon (SOC), available K, total P, available P, total N, with the highest values under the NPKSM treatment. Compared with the CK and NPK treatments, the NPKS and NPKSM treatments significantly increased the diversity of soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria and shaped community composition. Alphaproteobacteria (82.5%) was the dominant class in the nitrogen-fixing bacteria community, and Bradyrhizobium (51.9%) was the dominant genus. Soil available P was the most important predictor of the nitrogen-fixing bacterial diversity, while pH, SOC, available K, total P, available P, total N and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) were the significant predictors of the nitrogen-fixing bacterial community composition. Structural equation modeling suggested that available P and total N was indirectly associated with peanut yield by changing the structure of nitrogen-fixing bacterial community.

Conclusions

Straw returning significantly improved soil fertility, and available P was an important factor in driving the nitrogen-fixing bacterial community composition and peanut yield by enhancing the relative abundance of Deltaproteobacteria. Taken together, our study provides the scientific basis for establishing reasonable measures of straw returning to promote the potential of biological nitrogen fixation, and to improve the fertility and health of red soil.

图 1 不同秸秆还田方式对花生产量的影响

[注（Note）：CK—不施肥对照 No fertilization; NPK—单施常规化肥 Only conventional NPK; NPKS—NPK肥+秸秆还田 NPK with straw; NPKSM—NPK肥+秸秆猪粪配施 NPK with straw and pig manure; NPKB—NPK肥+秸秆生物炭 NPK with straw biochar. 柱上不同字母表示处理间差异达到显著水平 (P < 0.05) Different letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05). ]

Figure 1. Effects of different straw returning methods on peanut yield

图 2 土壤固氮菌多样性的Shannon指数(a)与Chao1指数(c)和对Shannon指数(b)和Chao1指数(d)的随机森林分析

[注（Note）：CK—不施肥对照 No fertilization; NPK—单施常规化肥 Only conventional NPK; NPKS—NPK肥+秸秆还田 NPK with straw; NPKSM—NPK肥+秸秆猪粪配施 NPK with straw and pig manure; NPKB—NPK肥+秸秆生物炭 NPK with straw biochar. AK—速效钾Available K; TP—全磷 Total P; AP—有效磷 Available P; TN—全氮 Total N; SOC—土壤有机碳 Soil organic C. 柱上不同字母表示处理间差异达到显著水平 (P < 0.05) Different letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05). *—P < 0.05.]

Figure 2. Shannon (a) and Chao1 indices (c) of soil nitrogen-fixing bacterial community, and random forest modelling analysis of soil properties on Shannon (b) and Chao1 indices (d)

图 3 土壤固氮菌群落的主坐标分析(PCoA) (a)和随机森林分析(b)

[注（Note）：CK—不施肥对照 No fertilization; NPK—单施常规化肥 Only conventional NPK; NPKS—NPK肥+秸秆还田 NPK with straw; NPKSM—NPK肥+秸秆猪粪配施 NPK with straw and pig manure; NPKB—NPK肥+秸秆生物炭 NPK with straw biochar. AK—速效钾 Available K; TP—全氮 Total P; AP—有效磷 Available P; TN—全氮Total N; SOC—土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon. **—P < 0.01, *—P < 0.05.]

Figure 3. Primary co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) of soil nitrogen-fixing microbial communities (a) random forest modelling analysis of community composition (b)

图 4 土壤固氮菌在门水平 (a)和属水平(b)的组成及相对丰度

[注（Note）：CK—不施肥对照 No fertilization; NPK—单施常规化肥 Only conventional NPK; NPKS—NPK肥+秸秆还田 NPK with straw; NPKSM—NPK肥+秸秆猪粪配施 NPK with straw and pig manure; NPKB—NPK肥+秸秆生物炭 NPK with straw biochar. AK—速效钾 Available K; TP—全氮 Total P; AP—有效磷 Available P; TN—全氮Total N; SOC—土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon. **—P < 0.01, *—P < 0.05.]

Figure 4. Relative abundance of soil nitrogen-fixing bacterial community at the phylum level (a) and genus level (b)

图 5 土壤化学性质与固氮菌多样性指数、群落组成及优势类群相对丰度之间相关性

[注（Note）：AK—速效钾 Available K; TP—全磷 Total P; AP—有效磷 Available P; TN—全氮 Total N;SOC—土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon. *—P < 0.05; **—P < 0.01.]

Figure 5. Correlations among soil chemical properties, the diversity and composition of nitrogen-fixing bacterial community, and relative abundance of dominant groups

图 6 生物因素和非生物因素对花生产量影响的随机森林模型和结构等式模型分析

[注（Note）：Comp.—群落组成 Community composition; AP—有效磷 Available P; TP—全磷 Total P; TN—全氮 Total N; AK—速效钾 Available K; SOC—土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon. *—P < 0.05; **—P < 0.01; ***—P < 0.001. 箭头旁边的数字代表路径系数；线条粗细表示相关性大小 The number next to the arrow represents the path coefficient; the thickness of the line indicates the magnitude of the correlation.]

Figure 6. Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on peanut yield based on random forest modelling and structural equation modelling

表 1 不同秸秆还田方式对土壤化学性质的影响

Table 1 Effects of different straw returning methods on soil chemical properties

处理
TreatmentpH有机碳
Organic C
(g/kg)全氮
Total N
(g/kg)全磷
Total P
(g/kg)有效磷
Available P
(mg/kg)速效钾
Available K
(mg/kg)铵态氮
NH4+-N
(mg/kg)硝态氮
NO3−-N
(mg/kg) CK4.61±0.02 a3.41±0.50 d0.47±0.07 d0.26±0.01 c0.66±0.60 b74.17±5.20 c15.74±1.86 a2.05±0.68 aNPK4.48±0.03 b4.39±1.05 cd0.57±0.06 cd0.46±0.05 b7.27±1.68 b123.33±10.10 bc18.07±5.25 a4.18±2.03 aNPKS4.56±0.03 ab6.42±0.88 bc0.70±0.04 bc0.49±0.05 b11.08±1.73 b179.17±12.83 ab16.83±0.54 a4.70±1.90 aNPKSM4.62±0.07 a8.10±1.38 ab0.92±0.04 a0.76±0.12 a61.24±15.30 a218.33±43.11 a17.49±1.37 a6.33±3.53 aNPKB4.59±0.05 ab9.46±0.68 a0.78±0.08 ab0.48±0.05 b8.89±1.93 b171.67±13.77 ab14.56±0.81 a5.39±1.74 a 注（Note）：CK—不施肥对照 No fertilization; NPK—单施常规化肥 Only conventional NPK; NPKS—NPK肥+秸秆还田 NPK with straw; NPKSM—NPK肥+秸秆猪粪配施 NPK with straw and pig manure; NPKB—NPK肥+秸秆生物炭 NPK with straw biochar. 表中数据均为平均值 ± 标准差。同列数据后不同字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05) Data in table are means±standard deviation (n = 3). Values followed by different letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05). [1]

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