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不同密度和水分管理下毛白杨林分土壤水分特征

泰然健康网
2024-12-02 22:40

摘要:

目的

土壤水分是影响我国北方水分亏缺地区植被生长的重要因素，探究不同造林密度和水分管理下毛白杨林分的土壤水分状况，能为华北黄泛平原地区人工林土壤水分维持提供参考。

方法

以不同造林密度（Ⅲ3 m × 3 m、Ⅱ3 m × 6 m、Ⅰ6 m × 6 m）和水分管理（滴灌FI、雨养NI）下的5种（FIⅢ、FIⅠ、NIⅢ、NIⅡ、NIⅠ）毛白杨林分为研究对象，在2021年生长季内（5、6、8和10月），采用烘干称重法测定各处理6 m剖面内的土壤含水量（SWC），研究不同处理土壤水分状况及土壤干层现象。

结果

（1）各处理毛白杨林分浅土层（0 ~ 30 cm和30 ~ 100 cm）的SWC（5.62% ~ 15.53%）显著低于深土层（100 ~ 200 cm、200 ~ 400 cm和400 ~ 600 cm）（16.50% ~ 27.00%）；林分SWC在0 ~ 240 cm垂直剖面内随深度增加而增加，并在240 ~ 260 cm（26.37% ~ 30.56%）和360 ~ 400 cm（22.79% ~ 33.00%）出现两个峰值，而400 ~ 600 cm变化平缓；（2）5种林分土壤均在10月最为湿润，平均SWC为20.16% ~ 23.16%；雨养条件下，不同密度毛白杨林分在6月最干燥，平均SWC为13.11% ~ 14.96%，滴灌减轻了30 cm以下土层SWC的季节变异程度；（3）不同水分管理下，高密度林分中深土层土壤水分状况最好（FIⅢ和NIⅢ深土层平均SWC分别为23.18%和21.13%），但雨季末（10月），NIⅡ土壤水分补偿量最高，达403.12 mm。在高密度和低密度林分中滴灌显著提高了林分0 ~ 30 cm土层的SWC，且增加了深土层土壤水分补偿量（FIⅢ较NIⅢ和FIⅠ较NIⅠ的储水量变化量分别提高了84.40%和173.99%），滴灌仅显著提高了高密度林分土壤储水量（P < 0.05）；（4）滴灌和降雨均能缓解或消除不同密度林分在2 m深度内出现的可恢复性土壤干层现象。

结论

根据本研究结果，建议在华北黄泛平原毛白杨大径材林培育过程中，以3 m × 3 m密度造林且于旱季（4—6月）辅以多频率滴灌充分灌溉，促进杨树人工林在快速生长期（2 ~ 4年）的林木生长并改善其深层土壤水分状况。待林分出现密度效应及深层土壤水消耗后，可通过间伐等措施在实现土壤水分维持的同时提高杨树人工林林地生产力。

Abstract:

Objective

In water-deficit area of northern China, soil water content is a crucial factor affecting plant growth. Studying the soil water status of Populus tomentosa stands under different planting densities and water treatments can provide a reference basis for soil water maintenance of plantations in the North China Plain.

Method

Populus tomentosa plantations under five different planting densities (Ⅲ 3 m × 3 m, Ⅱ 3 m × 6 m and Ⅰ 6 m × 6 m) and water (drip irrigation, FI and rainfed, NI) treatments (FIⅢ, FIⅠ, NIⅢ, NIⅡ and NIⅠ) were selected in this study. During the growing season (May, June, August and October) in 2021, soil water content (SWC) within the 6 m-depth soil profile was measured using the drying-weighing method, soil water content conditions and the occurrence of dry soil layer (DSL) were investigated and compared among different treatments.

Result

(1) Shallow soil layers (0−30 cm and 30−100 cm, ranging from 5.62% to 15.53%) showed significantly lower SWC than the deep soil layers (100−200 cm, 200−400 cm, and 400−600 cm, ranging from 16.50% to 27.00%) in each treatment. The SWC in all stands increased with depth within the vertical profile of 0−240 cm, showing two peaks at 240−260 cm (26.37%−30.56%) and 360−400 cm (22.79%−33.00%), while the change of SWC at 400−600 cm was relatively gradual. (2) All five stands exhibited the highest soil water availability in October, with an average SWC from 20.16% to 23.16%. In rainfed treatment, soil was driest in June independent of planting density, the average SWC ranged from 13.11% to 14.96%. Drip irrigation treatment reduced the seasonal variation in SWC in the soil layer below 30 cm. (3) Under different water treatments, high density stands exhibited the highest soil water availabilities in the deep soil layers (average SWC of 23.18% for FIⅢ and 21.13% for NIⅢ). However, NIⅡ exhibited the highest soil water compensation at the end of the rainy season (October) of 403.12 mm. In both high and low density stands, SWC in the 0−30 cm soil layer was significantly increased by drip irrigation treatment, the compensation of soil water in the deep layers was also enhanced (the change in water storage was 84.40% in FIⅢ than in NIⅢ, and 173.99% higher in FIⅠ than in NIⅠ). Drip irrigation treatment only significantly improved soil water storage in high density stands (P < 0.05). (4) Both drip irrigation and precipitation effectively alleviated or eliminated the occurrence of recoverable DSL within 2 m-depth under different planting densities.

Conclusion

According to the results of this study, a 3 m × 3 m planting density with frequent full irrigation treatment during dry season (April to June) is recommended for the cultivation of large-diameter poplar plantation in the North China Yellow River Plain in order to achieve fast tree growth in the early growing stage (2−4 years) and improve water condition of the deep soil layers. After the occurrence of evident density effect and deep soil water content depletion, management practices like thinning can be implemented to maintain soil water production and enhance the productivity of poplar plantations.

图 1 试验林不同深度土壤田间持水量实测值与模拟值比较

Figure 1. Comparison of measured and simulated field capacity in experimental forest under different depths

图 2 不同密度和水分管理下细根根长密度的二维空间分布

Figure 2. Two-dimensional spatial distribution of root length density (RLD) under different densities and water treatments

图 3 不同密度和水分管理下土壤含水量的二维空间分布

*代表该土层深度不同水平距树距离处土壤含水量差异显著（P < 0.05）。* indicates significant differences (P < 0.05) in soil water content at different horizontal distances from tree base in the same soil layer.

Figure 3. Two dimensional spatial distribution of soil water content under different densities and water treatments

图 4 不同密度和水分管理中各土层的平均土壤含水量

不同小写字母代表不同土层SWC差异显著（P < 0.05），不同大写字母代表不同处理SWC差异显著（P < 0.05）。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in SWC among soil layers(P < 0.05), and uppercase letters indicate significant differences in SWC among treatments (P < 0.05).

Figure 4. Average soil water content in each soil layer under different densities and water treatments

图 5 2021年5—10月不同密度和水分管理各土层土壤含水量时间动态变化

Figure 5. Temporal dynamics of soil water content in each soil layer under different densities and water treatments from May to October in 2021

图 6 不同密度和水分管理土壤储水量

不同小写字母代表不同处理土壤储水量差异显著（P < 0.05）。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in soil water storage among treatments (P < 0.05).

Figure 6. Soil water storage under different densities and water treatments

图 7 2021年5—10月不同密度和水分管理下土壤储水量变化量

土层深度0 ~ 6 m每20 cm采集一组数据。Data were collected every 20 cm at soil 0 to 6 m depth.

Figure 7. Variations of soil water storage variation under different densities and water treatments from May to October in 2021

图 8 不同密度和水分管理下不同土层深度内土壤干层现象

Figure 8. Phenomenon of dry soil layer (DSL) in different soil depths under different densities and water treatments

表 1 2021年不同密度和水分处理林分基本情况

Table 1 Basic information of stands under different densities and water treatments in 2021

处理
Treatment 平均胸径
Average DBH/cm 平均树高
Average tree height/m 林分蓄积量/（m3·hm−2）
Stand volume /（m3·ha−1）林地生产力/（m3·hm−2·a−1）
Forest land productivity /（m3·ha−1·year−1） FIⅢ 14.57 ± 0.55ab 15.65 ± 0.44a 119.1 ± 11.12a 36.61 ± 3.60a FIⅠ 15.49 ± 0.50a 12.55 ± 0.15b 15.28 ± 1.15b 6.94 ± 0.30c NIⅢ 12.92 ± 0.87b 15.33 ± 0.40a 92.32 ± 13.25b 25.58 ± 4.64b NIⅡ 14.79 ± 0.81ab 14.78 ± 0.79a 58.74 ± 8.10c 21.20 ± 4.12b NIⅠ 14.48 ± 0.74ab 12.47 ± 1.04b 13.38 ± 2.21c 5.76 ± 1.30c 注：NI.雨养；FI.滴灌。不同小写字母表示同列不同处理间差异显著（P < 0.05）。Notes: NI, rainfed; FI, drip irrigation. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments (P < 0.05).

表 2 试验地的土壤物理性质

Table 2 Soil physical characteristic of the experimental site

土层
Soil layer/cm颗粒组成 Soil particle size distribution/%质地
Soil texture土壤密度
Bulk density/（g·cm−3）砂粒 Sand粉粒 Silt黏粒 Clay 0 ~ 4051.9642.185.85砂壤土 Sand loam1.37 40 ~ 46024.2767.907.83粉壤土 Silt loam1.49 460 ~ 60056.8237.755.43砂壤土 Sand loam1.63

表 3 不同密度和水分管理下各土层的平均细根根长密度

Table 3 Average RLD in each soil layer under different densities and water treatments m/m3

处理 Treatment 土层 Soil layer/cm 0 ~ 30 30 ~ 100 100 ~ 200 200 ~ 400 400 ~ 600 FIⅢ 1 971.67 ± 456.97Aa 1 264.15 ± 447.82Aab 451.71 ± 176.84Bb 346.52 ± 118.01Ab 121.12 ± 16.11Ab FIⅠ 6 997.50 ± 866.28Aa 836.25 ± 165.36Ab 171.17 ± 46.57Bb 270.52 ± 26.22Ab 298.40 ± 70.30Ab NIⅢ 4 686.82 ± 331.50Aa 3 119.27 ± 2 065.69Aa 1 223.86 ± 94.34Aa 404.95 ± 47.77Aa 415.24 ± 45.14Aa NIⅡ 5 828.61 ± 723.29Aa 1 199.00 ± 199.47Ab 673.68 ± 51.98ABb 422.52 ± 75.87Ab 410.43 ± 93.22Ab NIⅠ 4 452.10 ± 3 850.95Aa 1 365.34 ± 580.03Aa 473.06 ± 191.01Ba 398.97 ± 124.32Aa 188.02 ± 17.11Aa 注：不同大写字母表示同列不同处理间差异显著（P < 0.05），不同小写字母表示同行不同土层间差异显著（P < 0.05）。Notes: different uppercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments (P < 0.05), and different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant differences among varied soil layers (P < 0.05). [1]

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