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健康公园健康人——依托自然保护地促进公共健康的国际经验

泰然健康网
2024-12-03 18:47

摘要:

目的

增加自然接触机会是实现全民健身、提升人民健康水平的重要路径，以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设是促进公众自然接触的新阵地，但国内研究相对不足。分析自然保护地促进公众健康的国际经验，为中国依托自然保护地体系促进公共健康、助力“健康中国”战略提供借鉴和启示。

方法

通过文献调研、内容分析、对比研究和个案分析，分析和借鉴以自然保护地促进公众健康的国际经验。

结果

系统梳理了国际自然保护地促进公众健康的全球运动——“健康公园健康人”（HPHP）的起源和发展，从愿景与目标、管理机构与合作伙伴、法律法规和战略规划等方面提取了澳大利亚、美国和欧盟等国家HPHP运动的共性。以美国HPHP体系为例，从国家、区域和保护地单元3个层面，解析了美国国家公园管理局多层级、专业化的公共健康促进策略，从明确定位、科学研究、政策制定、规划计划、多方合作、设施建设、活动策划7个方面总结了美国经验。

结论

由此提出针对中国开展自然保护地促进公共健康研究与实践的7点启示，分别为明确愿景及定位、加强科学研究、建构管理基础、编制多层级规划、发展广泛的伙伴关系、建设完善健康设施体系、开发设计多元化的活动。

Abstract:

Objective

This paper intends to provide inspiration and references for promoting public health in the protected area system by analyzing and comparing international experiences of the Healthy Parks Healthy People strategy globally. The exposure to natural environment and green spaces can increase the frequency of physical activities among urban and rural residents, which consequently enhances the immunity of body, reduces the potential risks of disease, and significantly improves the health level of the whole population in the full life cycle. Globally, protected areas have become a frontier that can provide opportunities to improve public contact with nature, as those large-size green spaces can extensively attract visitors and are likely to promote more enduring and intensive outdoor physical activities. Although such national programs as Protected Areas System Building in China and Healthy China Initiative have co-created an unprecedented historic opportunity to promote public health in the protected areas in China, it is still rare to see relevant researches and practice in China. The global movement of Healthy Parks Healthy People (HPHP) is widely identified as an effective approach to promoting public health in conservation areas. However, the experience of the movement has not been systematically studied or even noticed by Chinese scholars. In view of the aforementioned gaps, this research aims to achieve the following objectives: 1) summarize the global origin and development of HPHP movement; 2) identify representative countries that are successful in promoting HPHP, and draw lessons at national, regional and protected area scales; 3) summarize the global experience of HPHP movement to promote public health in protected areas and expound on potential countermeasures adaptable to China's protected area system.

Methods

By literature review and content analysis, this research collects materials about HPHP from relevant literature, official websites, government reports and other documents, to analyze the historical trends of HPHP and select some representative countries. The research adopts a comparative method to compare similarities and differences between those selected countries or regions (Australia, U.S. and Europe), mostly from the following five aspects: vision, objective, partnership, key area and organization. In addition, the research conducts a case study on the Hot Spring National Park in the U.S.

Results

The research finds that: 1) the strategy of HPHP was firstly put forward in 1999 by Parks Victoria in Australia, and by now this global movement has gone through three significant historical stages, namely the Formation Stage (1865–1999), Inception Stage (1999–2010) and Development Stage (2011 to present). 2) By comparing the HPHP system among Australia, U.S. and Europe, the research recognizes several distinctive features, including clear objective and vision, professional management agency, extensive partnership, legislation, regulation and strategic planning. 3) As the U.S. is acknowledged as the country with the most comprehensive HPHP system worldwide, the research analyzes and presents the HPHP implementation experience of the U.S. respectively from national, regional and local perspectives. Nationally, the Health and Wellness Executive Steering Committee (HWESC) was established in 2010 by the NPS to facilitate the program of "HPHP US". Regionally, a project entitled "HPHP: the Bay Area" was implemented to connect national parks, urban parks and other open green spaces to boost physical activities partnerships urban dwellers. From the perspective of protected area, Hot Spring National Park was showcased as a typical case, since it is the place where the notion of park prescription was preliminarily proposed, and is famous for all-around and distinctive HPHP promotion strategies. 4) The research classifies the U.S. experience in implementing HPHP projects into the seven aspects of clear vision orientation, scientific research, policy formulation, planning and design, multi-party cooperation, facility construction and event planning, all of which can provide imperative inspirations to China's protected area system.

Conclusion

The research concludes that there are seven major strategies for promoting public health in China's protected areas system in response to several national programs such as Protected Areas System Building in China, Healthy China Initiative and National Park System Building in China. Specifically, the aforesaid strategies include clarifying objective and orientation, reinforcing scientific strategy, arranging management staff to secure the operation system, formulating multi-level plans to facilitate the implementation of relevant policies, developing widespread partnerships with governments, institutions, medical organizations, non-government organizations, media, etc., improving health facilities in protected areas, and designing diversified and attempting activities to attract visitors. Promoting public health based on the protected area system remains a frontier field in China, and there are plenty of knowledge gaps to be filled. This research presents as a comprehensive review of the global HPHP movement, based on which the inspirations put forward are still preliminary and conceptual in this almost blank research field. We hereby call for more theoretical and empirical researches on the healthy dimension of protected areas, which is an integral part of the social impact of protected areas.

图 1 HPHP发展的时间线

Figure 1. Timeline of HPHP development

图 2 “HPHP美国”工作逻辑模型

Figure 2. Working logic model of NPS HPHP

图 3 “HPHP美国”开展的丰富多样的活动类型

Figure 3. Types of activities carried out by HPHP US

图 4 HPHP区域合作路线图

Figure 4. Roadmap for regional cooperation on HPHP

图 5 1915年温泉国家公园的公园处方[34, 37]

Figure 5. Park prescription of the Hot Springs National Park in 1915[34, 37]

图 6 温泉国家公园开展HPHP计划前关注的六大方面内容

Figure 6. Six major aspects that the Hot Springs National Park paid attention to before launching the HPHP program

图 7 温泉国家公园HPHP行动计划[36-37]

Figure 7. Hot Springs National Park HPHP Action Plan[36-37]

表 1 澳大利亚维多利亚州、美国和欧洲的HPHP运动比较

Table 1 Comparison of HPHP movement across Victoria, Australia, the U.S. and Europe

地区典型性愿景目标管理机构重点关注领域伙伴关系文献来源澳大利亚维多利亚州最早提出HPHP理念与社区建立包容、互利的伙伴关系 1）充分认识公园对促进健康和福祉的重要性；2）减少使用公园的障碍；3）更多的人通过体力活动喜欢上公园；4）医疗人员定期参与相关工作；5）增强国民与公园的联结；6）创造新的健康和福祉旅游市场多部门代表组成的工作组，包括维多利亚公园局，维多利亚体育与娱乐局，环境、土地、水和规划部门，以及卫生与人类服务部门 1）为所有维多利亚人提供健康的场所和环境；2）互惠互利的伙伴关系；3）收集人群健康信息和证据；4）公园在促进健康、福祉方面发挥领导作用；5）促进健康的工作场所环境、社区和卫生部门，医疗保健机构，自然保护组织，慈善组织，科研院所，企业，志愿者，特殊需求人员 [16][22] 美国最完善的HPHP体系有助于建立一个健康、公正和可持续的世界 3个健康公园目标：1）让国家公园成为促进健康的场所；2）提升公园和生态系统的健康；3）改进设施、规划和环境有助于优化健康绩效4个健康人目标：1）NPS员工致力于为访客带来健康生活；2）人们受到启发，参与公园活动以改善健康；3）社区参与和伙伴关系增强了公园的健康绩效；4）提高当地和区域社区的经济福祉和复原力国家公园管理局健康与福祉执行指导委员会，国家公园管理局公共卫生办公室 1）健康的生境；2）健康娱乐；3）健康和可持续的食品；4）健康科学相关研究；5）健康的未来，含新技术、新政策、新伙伴关系等美国公共卫生部，国家、州和地方公园，企业，医疗保健机构，科研团队，基金会，倡导组织等 [23][24][25] 欧洲联合欧盟多国共同建设更快乐、更健康的人群与充满自然的保护地有更紧密的联系 1）提供无障碍设施，让人们参与促进健康的活动；2）更多的政策、实践和伙伴关系，最大限度地发掘自然保护地改善公共健康、提高健康福祉和减少健康不平等方面的潜力；3）让更多的人群享受到自然暴露的健康益处，并以此让人们更加支持自然保护事业欧洲国家公园联盟（Europarc Federation） 1）打造典型案例；2）建立伙伴关系：3）发展能力和实践；4）连接人群和自然卫生部门 [26][27] [1] 中华人民共和国中央人民政府. 健康中国行动(2019—2030年)[R/OL]. (2019-07-15)[2022-10-19]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-07/15/content_5409694.htm.

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