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2018年我国15省(自治区/直辖市)18~35岁青年食物摄入特征

泰然健康网
2024-12-06 04:28

摘要:

背景

青年的营养健康对国家的长远发展至关重要。目前我国对儿童、孕妇、老年人等重点人群的营养状况研究较多，但缺乏对青年人群的研究。

目的

描述分析我国15省(自治区/直辖市) 18~35岁青年食物摄入现状。

方法

以“中国健康与营养调查”2018年随访调查数据为基础，选择1 664名18~35岁青年为研究对象，并按不同年龄、性别、城乡、地区进行分组。通过入户面访形式，使用连续3天24小时回顾膳食调查和调味品称重法记录数据，分析各类食物摄入量，并与2016版中国居民平衡膳食宝塔推荐摄入量进行对比分析。

结果

我国18~35岁青年奶及奶制品人均摄入量28.4 g·d-1，农村及中部地区分别为18.4、13.2 g·d-1，超98%目标人群低于2016版膳食指南推荐量(300 g·d-1)；蔬菜、深色蔬菜摄入量农村(242.0、54.1 g·d-1)高于城市(210.9、49.3 g·d-1)，全国73.6%、87.0%青年摄入不足；水果摄入量在男性、农村、西部地区分别为32.6、40.2、35.6 g·d-1，摄入不足比例分别为97.0%、95.9%、95.9%；畜禽肉类摄入超标比例男性(70.6%)高于女性(57.9%)、西部(71.1%)高于中部(57.2%)和东部(60.9%)，且差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.01)；大豆及坚果类、蛋类、水产品类总体摄入不足比例分别高达82.6%、72.6%、74.5%。分别有46.3%、48.6%目标人群食用油、烹调盐摄入超过推荐量，且呈现女性(42.5%、44.2%)低于男性(50.4%、53.3%)、城市(40.8%、45.6%)低于农村(49.9%、50.5%)、东部(38.7%、41.9%)低于中部(51.9%、55.7%)和西部(48.9%、49.3%)的趋势。城市青年糖类摄入量为农村2.6倍；酒类摄入量25~35岁高年龄段是18~24岁低年龄段7.0倍。

结论

我国15省(自治区/直辖市) 18~35岁青年人群膳食质量受城乡、地区影响较大，膳食结构不合理问题依然突出。各类食物摄入不足或摄入超标问题普遍存在，奶及奶制品摄入不足问题尤为严峻，我国西部农村地区青年膳食结构不合理问题最为突出。

Abstract:

Background

Nutrition and health of the youth is crucial to the long-term development of a country. There are many studies reporting the nutritional status of vulnerable populations such as children, pregnant women, and the elderly in China, but few studies focus on the youth.

Objective

This study aims to describe and analyze the current situation of food intake among the youth aged from 18 to 35 years in 15 provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) of China.

Methods

Based on the follow-up data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018, a total of 1 664 youth aged 18-35 years were selected and grouped by age, gender, residence in urban or rural area, and region. Household dietary surveys were conducted using 24-hour dietary recall in three consecutive days and weighing condiment. The dietary status of the participants was evaluated using the recommended intakes of the dietary pagoda for Chinese residents (2016).

Results

The average intake of milk and dairy products among the Chinese youth aged 18 to 35 years in China was 28.4 g·d-1, the values were 18.4 g·d-1 in rural areas and 13.2 g·d-1 in central region of China, and over 98% of the target population did not meet the recommended intake (300 g·d-1) of the dietary pagoda for Chinese residents (2016). The average intakes of vegetables and dark vegetables in rural areas (242.0 and 54.1 g·d-1) were higher than the intakes in urban areas (210.9 and 49.3 g·d-1), and 73% and 87% of the youth showed insufficient intakes respectively. The average fruit intakes in males, rural areas, and western region were 32.6, 40.2, and 35.6 g·d-1, respectively, and the proportions of the youth with insufficient intakes were 97.0%, 95.9%, and 95.9%, respectively. More males (vs females, 70.6% vs 57.9%), the youth living in western region (vs central region, 71.1% vs 57.2%; vs eastern region, 71.1% vs 60.9%) showed excessive intakes of meats, livestock, and poultry (P < 0.01). The proportions of the youth with insufficient intakes of soybeans and nuts, eggs, and aquatic products were 82.6%, 72.6%, and 74.5% respectively. The intakes of edible oil and cooking salt in about half of the target population (46.3% and 48.6%) were higher than the recommended values, and the values were lower in females (42.5% and 44.2%) than in males (50.4% and 53.3%), lower in urban areas (40.8% and 45.6%) than in rural areas (49.9% and 50.5%), lower in eastern region (38.7% and 41.9%) than in central region (51.9% and 55.7%) and western region (48.9% and 49.3%). The sugar intake of the youth in urban areas was 2.6 times of those in rural areas, and the alcohol intake of the 25-35 years was 7 times of the 18-24 years.

Conclusion

Dietary quality is impacted by regions and residence in urban or rural areas among the youth aged 18-35 years in 15 Chinese provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities), and the problem of improper dietary structure is still prominent, particularly in rural areas of western China. Insufficient or excessive intakes of various types of foods are common, especially insufficient intake of milk and dairy products.

表 1 2018年我国15省(自治区/直辖市)18~35岁不同特征青年样本量分布情况

Table 1 Sample size distribution of the youth aged 18-35 years with different characteristics in 15 provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) of China in 2018

类别
Item 分组
Group 样本量
Sample size 构成比/%
Percentage/% 性别(Sex) 男性(Male) 793 47.7 女性(Female) 871 52.3 年龄/岁(Age/years) 18~24 313 18.8 25~35 1351 81.2 城乡(Residence) 城市(Urban) 1 002 60.2 农村(Rural) 662 39.8 地区(Region) 东部(East) 558 33.5 中部(Middle) 449 27.0 西部(West) 657 39.5 合计(Total) 1 664 100.0

表 2 2018年我国15省(自治区/直辖市)18~35岁不同特征青年食物摄入情况(n=1 664)

Table 2 Food intake of the youth aged 18-35 years with different characteristics in 15 provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) of China in 2018 (n=1664) 单位(Unit): g·d-1

类别(Category) 性别(Sex) 年龄/岁(Age/years) 城乡(Residence) 地区(Region) 合计(Total) 男性(Male) 女性(Female) 18~24 25~35 农村(Rural) 城市(Urban) 东部(Eastern) 中部(Central) 西部(Western) 谷薯类
Cereals and potatoes 447.9±216.9* 351.3±163.1* 376.9±194.7 402.1±196.8 425.8±208.6* 354.2±168.0* 338.0±167.3b 403.8±169.3a 443.3±222.4c 397.3±196.6   米及米制品
Rice and rice products 251.1±199.2* 193.8±145.4* 205.6±163.8 224.7±177.9 241.7±190.8* 189.9±143.8* 154.9±122.7b 190.3±128.5a 298.4±208.8c 221.1±175.4   面及面制品
Flour and its products 147.3±150.8* 108.5±107.4* 125.3±135.6 127.4±130.3 131.6±138.8 120.0±118.8 130.4±125.4b 160.2±148.4a 101.3±117.8c 127.0±131.3   薯类(Potato) 28.1±49.7 29.0±43.0 26.8±52.1 29.0±44.9 30.8±50.7 25.3±38.6 21.1±35.3b 36.5±51.0a 29.6±50.1c 28.6±46.3 蔬菜类(Vegetable) 242.3±138.2* 218.1±124.9* 223.2±135.3 231.1±131.1 242.0±137.9* 210.9±120.0* 210.4±120.2b 247.9±133.2a 233.5±138.4a 229.6±131.9   深色蔬菜
Dark green vegetable 54.3±60.7 50.2±56.5 57.2±63.1 51.0±57.4 54.1±60.6 49.3±55.2 45.4±50.2a 55.7±61.8a 55.5±62.3a 52.2±58.5 水果类(Fruits) 32.6±60.6* 56.7±83.2* 41.0±65.7 46.2±76.1 40.2±69.4* 52.8±80.6* 59.6±78.5b 41.4±73.7a 35.6±69.0a 45.2±74.3 畜禽肉类
Meat，livestock，and poultry 138.7±111.4* 103.4±83.3* 122.1±92.1 119.8±100.9 120.1±108.9 120.4±82.7 109.2±85.2a 100.5±82.1a 143.0±115.4b 120.2±99.3   畜肉类(Meat) 113.8±100.2* 83.1±73.0* 97.4±79.1 97.8±90.4 98.9±97.9 96.0±71.5 84.1±72.1a 81.9±73.1a 120.1±104.4b 97.7±88.4   禽肉类
Livestock and poultry 24.9±44.0 20.3±34.8 24.7±42.6 22.0±38.7 21.2±39.4* 24.5±39.6* 25.1±43.3b 18.6±33.7a 22.9±39.6 22.5±39.5 水产品类
Aquatic products 30.5±51.7 26.6±50.3 24.3±45.8 29.4±52.1 26.0±47.6* 32.2±55.6* 38.5±58.2b 30.9±55.2a 18.3±38.0c 28.5±51.0 蛋类(Eggs) 28.9±36.1 26.1±29.8 26.6±33.4 27.6±32.9 24.9±31.5* 31.3±34.7* 36.2±36.3b 30.7±32.3a 17.8±27.6c 27.4±33.0 奶及奶制品
Milk and dairy products 24.8±61.7* 31.7±67.6* 39.8±77.8* 25.8±61.3* 18.4±51.0* 43.5±79.2* 51.6±81.3b 13.2±43.8a 19.1±55.2a 28.4±64.9 大豆及坚果类
Soybeans and nuts 15.0±27.9 13.2±20.2 13.6±31.2 14.2±22.3 13.6±25.2 14.8±22.6 16.3±25.2a 15.9±28.2a 10.9±19.6b 14.1±24.2 食用油(Edible oil) 37.7±36.0* 31.2±26.6* 34.4±32.8 34.3±31.3 36.2±31.6* 31.4±31.3* 29.7±25.9b 36.4±28.8a 36.8±37.0a 34.3±31.6   植物油(Vegetable oil) 33.5±32.6* 27.0±23.4* 30.0±30.1 30.2±27.9 30.9±28.5 29.0±28.0 28.8±25.7b 32.7±26.4a 29.5±31.5b 30.1±28.3   动物油(Animal oil) 4.2±18.8 4.1±16.2 4.5±18.7 4.1±17.2 5.3±18.3* 2.4±16.1* 0.8±6.6b 3.7±14.8a 7.3±23.9c 4.2±17.5 烹调盐(Cooking salt) 7.9±6.6* 6.9±6.1* 7.2±5.7 7.4±6.5 7.6±6.5 7.0±6.1 6.6±5.4b 7.5±5.4a 7.9±7.6a 7.4±6.4 糖类(Sugar) 1.7±9.4 1.3±3.7 2.0±7.6* 1.3±6.9* 0.9±3.3* 2.3±10.3* 2.9±10.9b 0.6±2.5a 0.9±4.1c 1.5±7.0 酒类(Alcohol) 1.0±5.5* 0.2±2.1* 0.1±0.9 0.7±4.6 0.8±5.1* 0.2±1.8* 0.7±4.3b 0.6±5.2a 0.4±2.9b 0.6±4.1 [注]食物摄入量经检验为非正态分布，但因多组中位数为0，因此选用均数±标准差表示平均水平。性别、年龄、城乡的数值中标注*表示具有统计学差异，P < 0.01。地区采用DSCF法两两比较，不同字母的两组差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)，无字母则表示与另外两组比较均无差异。
[Note] The food intakes are tested to be non-normal distribution, but the medians of many groups are 0, so the data are described as mean ± standard deviation. * marked in the sex, age, and residence categories indicate a statistical difference, P < 0.01. Using DSCF method for pairwise comparison for the region category, the two groups with different letters have a statistical difference (P < 0.01), but not the case in reverse.

表 3 2018年我国15省(自治区/直辖市)18~35岁不同特征青年食物摄入量与推荐值相比异常比例

Table 3 Percentages of the youth aged 18-35 years having discrepancy with recommended food intakes against different characteristics from 15 Chinese provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) of China in 2018 单位(Unit): %

类别
Category 与推荐值比较
Compare with the recommended values 性别(Sex) 年龄/岁(Age/years) 乡(Residence) 地区(Region) 合计
Total 男性
Male 女性
Female 18~24 25~35 农村
Rural 城市
Urban 东部
Eastern 中部
Central 西部
Western 谷薯类(Cereals and potatoes) 低(Below) 14.4* 29.1* 29.1* 20.4* 17.4* 29.2* 35.5b 14.9a 15.5a 22.1 薯类(Potato) 低(Below) 77.7 77.5 78.3 77.4 76.1 79.9 84.2b 69.5a 77.5c 77.6 蔬菜类(Vegetable) 低(Below) 70.1* 76.8* 77.6 72.7 70.0* 79.2* 80.3b 66.2a 73.1c 73.6 深色蔬菜(Dark green vegetable) 低(Below) 86.6 87.4 82.1 88.2 85.8 88.8 87.8a 88.2a 85.5a 87.0 水果类(Fruits) 低(Below) 97.0* 93.2* 95.2 95.0 95.9 93.7 93.6a 95.6a 95.9a 95.0 畜禽肉类(Meat，livestock，and poultry) 高(Above) 70.6* 57.9* 65.5 63.6 61.6 67.5 60.9b 57.2a 71.1c 63.9 水产品类(Aquatic products) 低(Below) 72.6 76.2 78.3 73.7 76.8 71.2 64.7b 74.8a 82.7c 74.5 蛋类(Eggs) 低(Below) 71.8 73.4 72.5 72.6 76.6* 66.6* 61.8a 67.3a 85.4c 72.6 奶及奶制品(Milk and dairy products) 低(Below) 99.4 99.4 99.7 99.3 99.8 98.8 98.8a 99.8a 99.7a 99.4 大豆及坚果类(Soybeans and nuts) 低(Below) 81.5 83.7 85.6 81.9 82.7 82.5 80.1a 78.2a 87.8b 82.6 食用油(Edible oil) 高(Above) 50.4* 42.5* 47.9 45.9 49.9* 40.8* 38.7b 51.9a 48.9a 46.3 烹调盐(Cooking salt) 高(Above) 53.3* 44.2* 49.2 48.4 50.5 45.6 41.9b 55.7a 49.3a 48.6 [注]数值中标注*表示具有统计学差异，P < 0.01。地区两两比较采用Bonferroni法校正，不同字母的两组差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。
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