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果糖的吸收代谢以及与健康的关系

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2024-12-06 06:24

生物科学与技术果糖的吸收代谢以及与健康的关系浙江大学食品科学与营养系,杭州 310058Absorption and metabolism of fructose and its relationship with human healthCAI Wenwen, LI DuoDepartment of Food Science & Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China 摘要相关文章 Metrics 全文:PDF(3373 KB) HTML ( ) 摘要：果糖是一种单糖,由于其甜度大于葡萄糖和蔗糖,近年来高果糖浓度的果葡糖浆被广泛用于食品工业中。因此,近年来果糖对人体健康的影响备受关注。本研究总结了果糖的主要食物来源、吸收和代谢，与相关疾病之间的关系,以及推荐摄入量。果糖和葡萄糖不同,它的主要代谢器官是肝,除部分代谢为葡萄糖外,主要代谢为脂肪酸,后者进一步合成甘油三酯。肝中甘油三酯沉积会增加脂肪肝的发病风险和胰岛素抵抗,其余甘油三酯可被转运至其他组织器官,增加胰岛素抵抗、肥胖和心血管系统疾病的发病风险。世界卫生组织建议在整个生命历程中减少游离糖摄入量，成人和儿童游离糖摄入量应减至摄入总能量的10%以内。如能进一步将其降至低于摄入总能量的5%,则对健康有更多益处。Abstract: Fructose is a monosaccharide. Fructose is greatly sweeter than glucose and sucrose. In recent years, high fructose corn syrup has been widely used in beverages and food industry globally. However, the effect of fructose on human health has received much attention in current years. In this review, we mainly discussed the food source, absorption and metabolism of fructose, relationship between fructose and metabolic disorders, and recommendation intake of total sugar. 　　Crystalline fructose is dried, ground, and highly pure. Fructose is found in most fruits and vegetables either as a monosaccharide or as a unit of sucrose. The ratio of fructose to glucose in most natural food is approximately 1∶1. Fructose has the lowest glycemic index of all natural sugars. High-fructose corn syrup is a mixture of fructose and glucose. HFCS is widely used in food industry, added into soft drinks and baked foods for its palatability and good taste. HFCS-42, HFCS-55 and HFCS-90 are three kinds of HFCS. The number for each HFCS represents the percentage of fructose in the syrup. Free fructose is absorbed directly by intestine via facilitated transport involving GULT5 transport proteins. Unabsorbed fructose in intestine can cause abdominal symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain. When fructose exists in a 1∶1 ratio with glucose, it can be absorbed mostly. Unlike glucose, fructose can be metabolized in liver, it can be partially converted into glucose, and mostly metabolized to fatty acid, and the latter can be synthesized into triacylglycerol. Fructose is first metabolized into fructose 1-phosphate by fructose to kinase referred to as fructolysis. Unlike glycolysis, in fructolysis the triose glyceraldehyde lacks a phosphate group. Fructose 1-phosphate then is hydrolyzed by aldose B to form dihydroxy acetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. DHAP can either be isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by triosephosphate isomersae or reduced to glycerol 3-phosphate by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The glyceraldehyde produced may also be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by glyceraldehyde kinase or further converted to glycerol 3-phosphate by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The metabolism of fructose yields intermediates in the gluconeogenic pathway leading to glycogen synthesis as well as fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. Triacylglycerol can be accumulated in liver to cause non-alcohol fatty liver and insulin resistance in liver. Triglycerides are incorporated into very-low-density lipoproteins, which are released from the liver destined toward peripheral tissues for storage in both fat and muscle cells. Then, triacylglycerol can also be transported to others organs and tissues to increase the risk of insulin resistance, obesity and cardiovascular disease. 　　Based on the available evidence,WHO recommends a reduced intake of free sugars throughout the life to limit free sugars intake to less than 10% of total energy intake. WHO suggests a further reduction of the intake of free sugars to below 5% of total energy intake. 　　In conclusion, there exits a relationship between fructose and non-alcohol fatty liver, obesity, cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance. Therefore, fructose should be applied in an appropriate way or it will exert a detrimental influence on health. It is reasonable to pay more attention on reducing fructose intake.出版日期: 2016-05-20ViewedFull text

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