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黄花菜的活性成分、生物活性及加工技术研究进展

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2024-12-15 07:44

摘要: 黄花菜是一种富含各类营养物质的优质食品原料，具有良好的研究前景与潜在的应用价值。本文对黄花菜中主要营养成分进行了总结，发现干黄花菜是低脂高蛋白矿物质丰富的健康食品。此外，由于活性成分的存在使得黄花菜具有多种有益于人体健康的生物活性。在此基础上对黄花菜的贮藏保鲜与干制技术进行概述，指出可以通过鲜黄花菜的预处理和干黄花菜的干制及包装来提升黄花菜品质。最后介绍了黄花菜目前在食品相关行业中的应用与研究方向，以期为黄花菜生物活性成分的研究、贮藏加工技术、相关功能食品的开发和在其他行业领域的应用提供理论基础。

Abstract: As an excellent food raw material with abundant nutrients, daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni) exhibits promising research and application potential. This article summarizes the major nutrients of daylily and finds that dry daylily is a healthy food with low fat, high protein and rich minerals. In addition, due to the bioactive components, daylily has a variety of biological activities beneficial to human health. On this basis, it also reviews the fresh-keeping storage and drying technologies of daylily, and it indicates that the quality of daylily could be improved via the pretreatment of fresh daylily and the drying and packaging of dry daylily. Finally, it introduces the applications and research direction of daylily in the food industry. This review will provide theoretical basis for the research of bioactive components in daylily, preservation and processing technologies, developments of related functional foods, and other industry applications.

图 1 黄花菜相关产品专利

Figure 1. Patents of daylily-related products

表 1 黄花菜和其他蔬菜中各营养素含量

Table 1 The nutrients contents of daylily and other vegetables

类别黄花菜（鲜）[6-7]黄花菜（脱水）[6]百合（鲜）[7]百合（脱水）[7]芦笋（绿）[7]芦笋（紫）[7] 水分（g/100 g）82.311.856.79.993.393.1碳水化合物（g/100 g）11.660.138.859.13.33.4蛋白质（g/100 g）2.914.13.28.12.62.7脂肪（g/100 g）1.40.40.10.10.10.2粗纤维（g/100 g）1.56.71.71.7/1.3钙（mg/100 g）73.0463.01129913磷（mg/100 g）69.0173.061725149铁（mg/100 g）1.416.51.05.01.40.4胡萝卜素（mg/100 g）1.173.44//22.7 注：“/”代表无。

表 2 鲜黄花保鲜技术

Table 2 Fresh-keeping technologies of fresh daylily

序号处理方式保鲜效果发表时间 1平均花重2.2～2.6 g，平均花长11.0～12.5 cm的鲜黄花，2 ℃环境中，使用还原铁粉作吸氧剂、6-BA作保鲜剂处理28 d后仍有商品价值2003年[46]2鲜黄花采后在21～35、21～23、0～1 ℃这3种温度下不同包装
方式（扎口、真空）贮藏0～1 ℃贮藏时，保鲜效果最好；扎口包装与真空包装的黄花，
采后20 d的好花率分别为99.73%与100%，采后30 d时
分别为99.47%与97.11%2006年[47]3鲜黄花通过人工分装、机械抽真空后，用60Coγ射线
辐照处理低剂量辐照黄花保鲜效果优于高剂量辐照；低剂量辐照加
低温贮存，保鲜效果优于常温贮存2008年[48]4甘草、金银花、紫苏和丁香4种中草药的复配提取液喷雾处理黄花保鲜期达到5 d2010年[49]5在0～1 ℃下，对黄花采用聚乙烯（PE）薄膜与简单气调（MA），
以不同CO2浓度作为通风指标的保鲜效果PE：袋内CO2浓度14%～16%时保鲜效果较好，贮藏30 d其
好花率为94.34%，40 d时为81.94%；
MA：袋内CO2浓度22%～24%时保鲜效果较好，黄花贮藏
40 d时其好花率为99.85%，50 d时为86.32%2010年[50]6不同浓度1-MCP处理对室温下塑料袋扎口包装贮藏1-MCP浓度为250 μL/L时，保鲜效果最好，可延长黄花的
保鲜期至7 d2012年[51]7丁香提取液和食品保鲜剂协同丁香提取液浸泡黄花1 min，
塑料袋（PVC）包装于室温下贮藏食品保鲜剂协同丁香提取液预处理黄花的保鲜效果显著，
保鲜期达到6 d2012年[52]8在0~2 ℃贮藏条件下，4种厚度的PE袋（5.40、12.75、15.55、
32.70 μm）以及带孔PE袋（5.40 μm）五种不同包装方式处理厚度为32.70 μm聚乙烯袋能显著延缓采后黄花叶绿素的
降解以及pH的下降,延长其贮藏保鲜期2015年[53]9采用壳聚糖处理结合纳米包装对黄花进行保鲜在4±0.5 ℃、相对湿度75%～80%的环境中贮藏18 d后，
好花率在90%以上2016年[54]10在25±1 ℃环境中，以PE薄膜为对照，用不同厚度聚乳酸
（PLA）薄膜对鲜黄花进行气调保鲜处理PLA薄膜可延长黄花的保鲜期至10 d，厚度为25 μm时保鲜
效果最好；而PE薄膜仅能贮藏6 d2017年[55]11在5 ℃下贮藏5 d，或50 ℃热风加热5 min，然后在置于
20 ℃下贮藏5 d冷热处理保持了黄花切花的感官品质，贮藏4 d内可以减少
褐变，延缓鲜黄花衰老2018年[56]12用1、2、3 mmol/L乙酰水杨酸（ASA）处理黄花，保鲜袋
包装室温（25 ℃，RH=50%）贮藏2 mmol/L的ASA处理保鲜效果最佳，可使黄花的保鲜
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