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社会支持对老年群体生存质量的影响：希望与孤独感的中介作用

泰然健康网
2025-05-08 03:11

摘要: 以往研究发现，社会支持直接影响老年群体生存质量水平。然而，这些研究对社会支持产生影响的间接路径探讨较少。因此，基于社会支持路径理论，采用问卷调查的方法对553名老年群体进行研究, 结果显示: (1)社会支持、希望、孤独感与老年群体生存质量之间相关显著, 社会支持、希望和孤独感都是影响老年群体生存质量的重要因素; (2)社会支持显著正向预测希望和老年群体生存质量, 显著负向预测孤独感; (3)社会支持通过希望影响老年群体生存质量的中介效应显著; (4)社会支持通过孤独感影响老年群体生存质量的中介效应显著; (5)希望和孤独感在社会支持与老年群体生存质量之间起多重中介效应。研究结果证实了社会支持影响老年群体生存质量的心理机制, 以及希望和孤独感在此间的双重中介效应, 为提升老年群体心理健康水平提供了实践依据。

Abstract: Based on the social support theory, the influence of social support on old people's psychological health is analyzed to build a mediator model of hope and loneliness for exploring the internal mechanism of the old people's psychological health development. The questionnaire method is adopted to survey 553 old people and the data are analyzed according to the structural equation model. The main results are as follows. First, social support, hope and loneliness are all vital factors in the old people's psychological health. Second, social support predicts hope and psychological health significantly positively but predicts loneliness significantly negatively. Third, the mediating effect of social support on psychological health via the hope is obvious. Fourth, the mediating effect of social support on psychological health via loneliness is obvious, too. Finally, hope and loneliness function as multiple agents between social support and psychological health. The psychological mechanism of social support influencing the old people's psychological health and the mediating effect of the hope and loneliness are verified. Some practical suggestions are given for improving the old people's psychological health.

图 1 社会支持、希望、孤独感和老年群体生存质量的关系模型及标准化路径系数(标准差)

注：***p<0.001；社会支持分为客观支持(KGZC)、主观支持(ZGZC)和对支持的利用度(ZCLY)；希望分为路径思维(LJSW)和动力思维(DLSW)；孤独感分为社交孤独(SJGD)和情绪孤独(QXGD)；老年群体生存质量分为生理领域(PHYS)、心理领域(PSYCH)、社会关系领域(SOCIL)和环境领域(ENVIR)。

表 1 变量描述性统计及相关系数(N=553)

变量性别年龄社会支持生存质量希望感孤独感性别a 年龄 -0.08 社会支持 0.07 0.43 生存质量 0.13** 0.16** 0.48** 希望感 0.06 0.13** 0.34** 0.68** 孤独感 -0.07 -0.02 -0.49** -0.41** -0.331** M 1.42 63.88 41.24 92.87 23.82 52.28 SD 0.49 4.37 8.10 16.20 4.17 17.02 注: **p＜0.01，性别a: 男性=1，女性=2。

表 2 验证性因子分析结果

模型 χ2 df χ2/df CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR 基准模型 9634.015 2621 3.676 0.708 0.699 0.070 0.064 三因素模型A 10221.940 2624 3.896 0.684 0.674 0.072 0.074 三因素模型B 11381.872 2624 4.338 0.635 0.625 0.078 0.100 二因素模型 11956.255 2626 4.553 0.612 0.600 0.080 0.106 单因素模型 15799.639 2627 6.014 0.452 0.436 0.095 0.115 注：N=553，基准模型: 即研究假设的四因素模型, 包括社会支持、生存质量、希望和孤独感这四个因素；三因素模型A: 把社会支持和生存质量合并成一个因素, 希望和孤独感保持不变；三因素模型B: 把希望和孤独感合并成一个因素, 社会支持和生存质量保持不变；两因素模型: 把社会支持和生存质量合并成第一个因素, 希望和孤独感合并成第二个因素；单因素模型: 所有变量，即社会支持、生存质量、希望和孤独感合并成一个因素。

表 3 各个模型的拟合指数

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