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健康风险感知研究进展

泰然健康网
2024-12-04 23:51

社会的发展和科技的进步一方面给人们的生活带来便利，另一方面也带来越来越多潜在的健康风险。为了更好地进行风险管理，公众感知因素逐渐被纳入管理的决策过程中。本文通过文献综述，阐述了健康风险感知研究方法的发展历程，重点分析疾病、科技、生活习惯以及环境这四个领域健康风险感知的研究特点、热点和趋势。最后，基于目前研究的不足，对今后的研究进行了展望，以期为促进健康风险感知研究的深入发展提供科学参考。

关键词: 健康 / 风险感知 / 风险交流 / 发展

The development of society and the progress of technology had brought convenience to our life, on the other hand, more potential health risks had come out. In order to better carry out risk management, public perceptions had been incorporated into the process of decision-making. This paper provided an overview on the development of research method for health risk perception, and summarized the research characteristics, hot spots and trends of health risk perception in four fields:disease, science and technology, life style and environment. Finally, based on current researches, comments and prospects were made to provide scientific references for the further development of researches on health risk perception.

表 1 疾病健康风险感知(以艾滋病为例)文献内容归纳

文献研究地区研究对象影响因素 Woldeyohannes等，2017[11] 埃塞俄比亚大学生专业(是否是健康相关专业) Clifton等，2016[12] 英国居民危险性性行为、HIV测试 DE等，2016[13] 南佛罗里达变性妇女年龄、教育程度、住处、婚姻状况、HIV检测结果、工作状态 Tafazolim等，2016[14] 伊朗女犯人知识、酒精消费、成瘾史、避孕频率 Buzi等，2015[15] 美国西南部非裔美国年轻女性强迫性行为 Fan等，2014[16] 中国，北京男同性恋少数民族、性传播疾病史、自上次HIV检测以来的时间、工作性质(是否全职)、使用非法药物 Stevens等，2013[17] 美国居民 HIV检测结果 Essien等，2008[18] 美国，里奥格兰德谷墨西哥裔美国人性别、收入、毒品使用 Adedimeji等，2007[19] 尼日利亚，伊巴丹年轻贫民窟居民婚姻状况、收入 Essien等，2007[20] 尼日利亚军人教育程度、酒精和大麻使用情况 Kabbash等，2007[21] 尼日利亚医护人员工作培训 Jovicvranes等，2006[22] 塞尔维亚医护人员职业 Helleringer和kohler，2005[23] 马拉维居民社交 Sarker等，2005[24] 布基纳法索农村年轻女性艾滋病感染无症状知识的了解程度 Macintyre等，2004[25] 南非青少年与家长和社区男女性的联系、男性中避孕效能感、是否与有慢性病的女性一起生活

表 2 科技健康风险感知结论归纳

文献科技项目与健康有关的主要结论 Zeng等, 2016[33] 转基因食品转基因食品带来的风险包括健康风险、功能风险、社会心理风险、经济风险以及时间风险。其中健康风险和经济投入风险是民众考虑最多的因素。 Dong等, 2014[34] 转基因食品消费者对转基因食品的潜在风险感知主要是身体风险，社会经济风险，生态环境风险和功能风险，其中前三种风险显着影响购买意愿。 Savas等, 2013[35] 转基因食品医生对转基因食品的健康风险感知度很高，而知识水平却很低。 Zhou等, 2012[36] 转基因食品大多数消费者对GMF健康风险感知处于中等水平；教育程度、是否从事生物技术工作、对GMF的理解、信息来源、关注食品标签和GMF信任度对健康风险感知有显着影响。 Vyncke等, 2015[37] 核电站媒体是核事故健康风险感知的重要预测因子。对核电态度越乐观，越长时间信息的覆盖，对提供的信息满意度越高，风险感知越低。 Morioka, 2014[38] 核电站由于父亲将辐射风险视为一种经济稳定和男性社会地位的威胁，因此，母亲的健康关心被反驳，并阻止她们采取预防措施。 Zakaria等, 2014[39] 核电站所有受访者认为核电是某种风险的来源，但他们的风险感知程度有所不同。女性认为核对人类健康的威胁很高。 Kowall等, 2012[40] 移动基站焦虑、抑郁、压力大的个体对移动基站的关注度更高，也更抵抗移动基站的健康风险。 1. Beckhoff等, 2009[41] 移动基站将不利的健康影响归因于手机基站的人有更多的睡眠障碍和健康问题，但是他们没有更多的头痛或者更差的身心健康状态。 2. Blettner等, 2009[42] 移动基站 18.7%的参与者担心手机基站对健康带来不良影响，另有10.3%的参与者将其个人不良健康影响归因于手机基站。 Siegrist等, 2005[43] 手机、移动
基站 60%的参与者同意儿童和青少年应限制使用手机因为可能存在健康风险。66%的参与者赞成需要监测靠近基地的人的健康状况。36%的受访者认为手机基站发射的电磁场导致癌症。 Wallquist等, 2010[44] CO2捕获和
封存技术大部分非专业人士认为CCS有不良影响，会毒害有机体，改变有机体的基因结构。

表 3 生活习惯健康风险感知文献分析

不良生活习惯研究内容文献数量/篇行为习惯吸烟、酗酒 81 饮食习惯零食、快餐、食品质量 45 作息习惯 - 0 注：“-”目前还没有相关研究内容

表 4 环境健康风险感知研究分类

分类具体项目研究年份气室内空气 2002 室外空气 2003—2017水饮用水 2000—2014 沐浴用水 2000 泳池水 2004—2005气候极端天气 2009—2017化学物质工作性质诱导农药 2009—2016 有毒气体 2002—2014 垃圾焚烧厂 2009 社区环境诱导采矿场 2011, 2016 其他 2016 [1] 张成福, 谢一帆.风险社会及其有效治理的战略[J].中国人民大学学报, 2009, 23(5):25-32. https://wenku.baidu.com/view/1f375158fe4733687e21aa45.html [2] 杜艳君, 班婕, 孙庆华, et al.环境健康风险的研究前沿及展望[J].现代预防医学, 2016, 43(24): http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/XDYF201624006.htm [3]

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