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Conceptualizing and Measuring Social Media Use in Health and Well

泰然健康网
2024-12-29 18:33

Background: Despite an increasing number of studies revealing both the benefits and harms of social media use on well-being, there is heterogeneity and a lack of consensus on how social media use is conceptualized, defined, and measured. Additionally, little is known whether existing literature focuses on ill-being or well-being outcomes and whether studies use theories. Objective: The main objective of this review was to examine (1) how social media use has been conceptualized and measured, (2) what health and well-being outcomes have been focused on, and (3) whether studies used theories. Methods: Studies were located through a comprehensive search strategy involving 4 steps. First, keyword searches were conducted on 6 major databases: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Embase, ProQuest, and Annual Reviews. Second, a search was conducted on Google Scholar using the same sets of search terms, and the first 100 results were examined. Third, the reference sections of reviews identified in the first 2 rounds of searches were examined, and finally, the reference lists of the final set of papers included in the review were searched. Through a multistage screening, papers that met our inclusion criteria were analyzed. Results: The review included a total of 233 papers published between 2007 and 2020 in 51 different countries. While 66 (28%) of the studies investigated the effects of the problematic use or addiction of social media on health and well-being, 167 (72%) studied the effects of social media use as a “normal” behavior. Most of the studies used measures assessing the time users spend using social media. Most of the studies that examined the effects of problematic social media use or addiction used addiction scales. Most studies examined the association of social media use with mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and loneliness. While there are a considerable number of studies investigating physical health outcomes such as self-rated health, sleep, and sitting time or lack of physical activity, relatively a small number of studies examined social, psychological, and emotional well-being. Most of the studies 183 (79%) did not use any theory. Conclusions: Most studies conceptualized social media use as a “normal” behavior and mostly used time-spent measures, whereas a considerable number of studies conceptualized social media use as an addiction and used various addiction measures. The studies disproportionately focused on investigating the associations of social media use with negative health and well-being outcomes. The findings suggest the need for going beyond time spent to more sophisticated measurement approaches that consider the multiplicity of activities that users perform on social media platforms and the need for more theory-based studies on the association of social media use with not only negative well-being or “ill-being” but also with positive health and well-being outcomes.

中文翻译：

健康与福祉研究中社交媒体使用的概念化和衡量：系统评价

背景：尽管越来越多的研究揭示了社交媒体使用对幸福感的好处和危害，但对于如何概念化、定义和衡量社交媒体使用存在异质性且缺乏共识。此外，人们对现有文献是否关注疾病或幸福结果以及研究是否使用理论知之甚少。目的：本次综述的主要目的是检查（1）如何概念化和衡量社交媒体的使用，（2）关注哪些健康和福祉结果，以及（3）研究是否使用了理论。方法：研究是通过涉及 4 个步骤的综合搜索策略找到的。首先，在 6 个主要数据库上进行关键词搜索：PubMed、Web of Science、PsycINFO、Embase、ProQuest 和 Annual Reviews。其次，使用相同的搜索词组在 Google Scholar 上进行搜索，并检查了前 100 个结果。第三，检查了前两轮检索中确定的综述的参考文献部分，最后检索了综述中包含的最终论文集的参考文献列表。通过多阶段筛选，对符合我们纳入标准的论文进行了分析。结果：此次审查共收录了 2007 年至 2020 年间在 51 个不同国家发表的 233 篇论文。其中 66 项 (28%) 的研究调查了社交媒体的有问题的使用或成瘾对健康和福祉的影响，而 167 项 (72%) 的研究则研究了社交媒体使用作为“正常”行为的影响。大多数研究都采用了评估用户使用社交媒体的时间的措施。大多数研究有问题的社交媒体使用或成瘾的影响的研究都使用成瘾量表。大多数研究探讨了社交媒体的使用与抑郁、焦虑、自尊和孤独等精神疾病的关系。虽然有大量研究调查身体健康结果，例如自评健康、睡眠、静坐时间或缺乏体力活动，相对较少的研究考察了社会、心理和情感健康。大多数研究 183 (79%) 没有使用任何理论。结论：大多数研究将社交媒体使用概念化为“正常”行为，并且大多使用花费时间的衡量标准，而相当多的研究将社交媒体使用概念化为一种成瘾行为，并使用各种成瘾衡量标准。这些研究不成比例地侧重于调查社交媒体使用与负面健康和福祉结果的关联。研究结果表明，需要超越花费的时间，采用更复杂的测量方法，考虑用户在社交媒体平台上进行的活动的多样性，并且需要对社交媒体的使用与负面健康之间的关系进行更多基于理论的研究。存在或“不适”，但也具有积极的健康和福祉结果。