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代糖与健康的研究进展

泰然健康网
2024-12-19 21:23

摘要:

随着全世界范围内肥胖人群不断增加，减糖和控糖已成为人们最迫切的健康需求之一。代糖（分为糖醇类、天然甜味剂和人工甜味剂）因能量低、甜度高等特点，已被当为糖的替代品，广泛应用于食品加工。本文从代糖的分类、代谢途径、优势、使用及其对人体健康的影响展开，重点介绍了代糖摄入与肥胖、糖尿病、肠道微生物、高血压和全因死亡率之间的关系。现有证据显示，总体上长期大量摄入代糖与不良结局有关，如血压升高、糖尿病风险增加、致癌和全因死亡率提高，但糖醇类和天然甜味剂对人体肠道微生物多样性可能产生有益的影响，而人工甜味剂会导致肠道微生物群失衡。不同代糖产生的健康效应不同，当前研究更多集中在单一代糖，而市面上销售的近半数使用代糖的产品中添加了2种及以上的代糖，多种代糖混合暴露对人体的健康效应尚不明确。将来的研究有必要对常见代糖组合的健康影响进行流行病学研究和分子机制研究。

关键词: 代糖 / 甜味剂 / 人体健康

Abstract:

Sugar reduction and restriction have become one of the most urgent health demands as the number of obese people increases globally. Sugar substitutes (mainly classified into sugar alcohols, natural sweeteners, and artificial sweeteners) have been widely used in food processing as alternatives to sugar for their low energy and high sweetness. Thus, the classification, metabolism pathways, advantages, applications, and human health effects of sugar substitutes, their effects on human health were introduced, and the relationships between sugar substitutes and obesity, diabetes, intestinal microbes, hypertension, and all-cause mortality were emphatically summarized in this paper. Generally, long-term high intake of sugar substitutes is associated with adverse health outcomes such as elevated blood pressure, higher risks of diabetes, cancer, and increased all-cause mortality. Meanwhile, sugar alcohols and natural sweeteners are more likely to associate with beneficial effects on human gut microbial diversity, while artificial sweeteners associate with imbalance of gut microbiota based on available evidence. Current published research focuses on single sugar substitute exposure with varied health effects, while nearly half of commercial sugar substitute products contain two or more sugar substitutes. The effects of exposure to multiple sugar substitutes on human health are not clear yet, so further strengthening the relevant epidemiological and molecular mechanism research is necessary.

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